Tense Usage in Sentence Completion
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51. Ever since James R. Flynn ---- his startling results, psychologists and educators ---- to figure out whether people really are getting smarter. A) has published / had struggled B) published / have struggled C) had published / will struggle D) was publishing / had been struggling E) publishes / are struggling
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Grammar Analysis
The sentence begins with the phrase 'Ever since'. This is a powerful clue for choosing the correct verb tenses.
The 'Ever Since' Rule
- Ever since + Simple Past (for the starting point)
- Main clause = Present Perfect (for the ongoing action)
Let's apply this rule to our sentence. The first blank describes a specific past event: when James Flynn published his results. Therefore, we need the simple past verb 'published'.
Next, the main clause describes an action that started in the past and continues to the present. For this, we must use the present perfect tense, which is 'have struggled'.
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