Atomic Structure and Electrostatic Forces
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2 Aiko draws a diagram of an atom of lithium. [DIAGRAM] (a) The electrons in the charge cloud are held in position. They do not escape from the atom. Explain why the electrons in the charge cloud cannot escape from the atom. Use ideas about the charges on the particles in the atom. [2] (b) Aiko wants to draw a diagram of an atom of sodium. Describe two ways an atom of sodium is different from an atom of lithium. 1. 2. [2]
This question includes visual content: A diagram shows a lithium atom with a central nucleus containing several circles (representing protons and neutrons) inside a surrounding circular region labeled '3 electrons orbiting the nucleus in a charge cloud' with a pointer to the outer circle. The text 'NOT TO SCALE' is visible in the bottom right.
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Hi Johan, let's explore the structure of atoms by looking at Aiko's lithium diagram and comparing it with sodium.
Atomic Structure: Lithium vs Sodium
In part A, we are asked why electrons are held in position within the charge cloud and do not escape. We need to consider the charges of the particles involved.
Part (a): Electrostatic Attraction
Inside the nucleus, we have protons, which have a positive charge. The electrons in the cloud have a negative charge.
Because opposite charges attract, there is an electrostatic force of attraction between the positive nucleus and the negative electrons. This force keeps the electrons pulled toward the center and prevents them from escaping.
Now let's move on to part B. Aiko wants to draw sodium instead of lithium. We need to identify two ways these atoms are different.
Part (b): Lithium vs Sodium
| Property | Lithium (Li) | Sodium (Na) |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 3 | 11 |
| Electron Configuration | 2, 1 | 2, 8, 1 |
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